【2026米蘭冬奧】冰壺的起源是什麼?如何從 500 年前的冬季休閒活動,變成奧運正式運動?

冰壺可不只是刷地板,它 500 年的歷史可不一般!
curling

當冰壺選手把一顆石壺推送至結冰的場地上,其他隊友則拿著冰刷在石頭前方瘋狂「刷地」,希望能命中由同心圓構成的目標區域。每到冬奧期間,冰壺這項運動就會再重新進入我們的視野,不免讓人好奇這項又難以理解的複雜運動如何誕生?

CORTINA D'AMPEZZO ITALY  FEBRUARY 08 Bruce Mouat of Team Great Britain competes with Jennifer Dodds of Team Great...
CORTINA D'AMPEZZO, ITALY - FEBRUARY 08: Bruce Mouat of Team Great Britain competes with Jennifer Dodds of Team Great Britain during the Mixed Doubles Round Robin match between Team Great Britain and Team Switzerland on day two of the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympic games at Cortina Curling Olympic Stadium on February 08, 2026 in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. (Photo by Richard Heathcote/Getty Images)Richard Heathcote/Getty Images

冰壺的由來

冰壺被廣泛認為是一個世界上最古老的團體運動之一,關於該項運動的第一份書面記錄出自 1540 年,蘇格蘭佩斯利(Paisley)的一名公證人 John McQuhin 用拉丁文記錄下來,內容描述了佩斯利修道院僧侶 John Sclater 與修道院代表 Gavin Hamilton 之間的爭執,起因是其中一人曾三次把石頭丟向結冰湖面的表面,並表示這是一場約定好的比賽。

Prince Arthur Opening The Caledonia Curling Rink At Montreal Canada 1870
Prince Arthur Opening The Caledonia Curling Rink At Montreal, Canada, 1870 (Photo by: Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)Universal History Archive/Getty Images

冰壺起源於 16 世紀的蘇格蘭,當時北歐氣候變遷導致冬季格外嚴寒,湖泊與河川表面經常結冰,自然形成了完美的場地,讓人們進行這種新的休閒活動。

Two curlers in scotland The Sport Of Curling. Just  of the tee stone is on its way to a score by the two sweeps who are...
Two curlers in scotland, The Sport Of Curling. Just [?] of the tee stone is on its way to a score by the two sweeps who are clearing the path of the stone, Scotland. (Photo by Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS/Getty Images)Hulton Deutsch/Getty Images

這項運動也常被稱為 roaring game(咆哮的遊戲),因為石頭在冰面上滑行時,與冰上水珠摩擦會發出低沉的聲響。

D.W. Baxter taking part in a curling 'Grand Match' of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club on Loch Leven Kinross Scotland...
D.W. Baxter taking part in a curling 'Grand Match' of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club on Loch Leven, Kinross, Scotland, 28th January 1959. (Photo by Keystone/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)Keystone/Getty Images

冰壺「Curling」的命名起源

「Curling」這個詞(來自 to curl,指石頭沿著彎曲路徑移動)第一次以書面形式出現是在 1620 年,蘇格蘭詩人 Henry Adamson 的詩句中:

“His hats, his hoods, his bels, his bones, His allay bowles, and curling stones…”

不過,證據顯示,冰壺的流行可能更早。人們曾在蘇格蘭中部 Dunblane 排乾的一座池塘中,挖出兩顆刻有年份 1511 與 1551 的石壺。同一時期,佛蘭德畫家老彼得布勒哲爾(Pieter Bruegel the Elder) 的兩幅作品——《雪中獵人》(1565)與《冬景、溜冰者與捕鳥陷阱》(1566)——都呈現農民正在從事類似冰壺的活動。當時蘇格蘭與荷蘭的文化與商業交流頻繁,也解釋了布勒哲爾為何能如此精準地描繪這項運動。

curling

老彼得布勒哲爾《冬景、溜冰者與捕鳥陷阱》(1566)

Google Arts & Culture/Wikipedia

冰壺正式成為一項運動

蘇格蘭 Kilsyth Curling Club 被認為是世界上第一家正式的冰壺俱樂部,成立於 1716 年,至今仍在運作,但受國際奧委會承認的是 1838 年成立的蘇格蘭冰壺協會(Royal Caledonian Curling Club,簡稱 RCCC),因為他們制定了正式比賽規則,後來也發展出國際冰壺聯合會(World Curling Federation,簡稱 WCF),並成為冰壺運動的主要機構。

GARMISCHPARTENKIRCHEN GERMANY  DECEMBER 13  Andreas Kempf Ulrich Kapp and Holger Hoehne of Germany in action during the...
GARMISCH-PARTENKIRCHEN, GERMANY - DECEMBER 13: (L-R) Andreas Kempf, Ulrich Kapp and Holger Hoehne of Germany in action during the European Curling Championship 2005 at the Olympic Ice Sports Centre on December 13, 2005 in Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. (Photo by Sandra Behne/Bongarts/Getty Images)Sandra Behne/Getty Images

最早的石壺其實只是河裡或田間找到的扁平石塊,沒有統一規格,也沒有把手,有時只鑽洞讓人像保齡球一樣插指投擲,當時更多依靠運氣而非技術。隨著時間推移,關於石頭重量與形狀、場地尺寸與比賽結構的複雜規則才陸續出現。如今由隊長 「Skip」發號施令指示投擲者的力道、旋轉與路線,也告訴刷冰手該如何在石壺前方「刷」出最佳滑行效果。

CORTINA D'AMPEZZO ITALY  FEBRUARY 06 Snoop Dogg Rapper and Honorary Coach of Team USA is seen throwing a stone on the...
CORTINA D'AMPEZZO, ITALY - FEBRUARY 06: Snoop Dogg, Rapper and Honorary Coach of Team USA, is seen throwing a stone on the ice following the Curling Mixed Doubles Round Robin match between Team United States and Team Canada on day zero of the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympic games at Cortina Curling Olympic Stadium on February 06, 2026 in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. (Photo by Richard Heathcote/Getty Images)Richard Heathcote/Getty Images

冰壺運動的成功

冰壺能走向世界,也要歸功於蘇格蘭移民。他們把這項運動帶到北美,尤其是是加拿大,如今幾乎是國民運動。在奧運層級上,冰壺於 1924 年霞慕尼(Chamonix)冬奧首度以示範項目登場,但直到 1998 年日本長野冬奧才正式成為比賽項目。目前表現最突出的國家包括加拿大、蘇格蘭、瑞典、瑞士、挪威等。

CORTINA D'AMPEZZO ITALY  FEBRUARY 08 CORTINA D'AMPEZZO ITALY  FEBRUARY 8 A general view of curling stones during the...
CORTINA D'AMPEZZO, ITALY - FEBRUARY 08: CORTINA D'AMPEZZO, ITALY - FEBRUARY 8: A general view of curling stones during the Mixed Doubles Round Robin matches on day two of the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympic games at Cortina Curling Olympic Stadium on February 08, 2026 in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. (Photo by Richard Heathcote/Getty Images)Richard Heathcote/Getty Images

冰壺也曾進入流行文化的視野中:1965 年披頭四在電影《Help!》中嘗試打冰壺,《007:女王密使》(1969)裡也能看到一場比賽畫面。


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本文改自:《Wired》義大利版